ライフサイエンスコーパス: PVL

1 PVL and LukGH have potent cytolytic activity in vitro, a

2 PVL enhanced the capacity of USA300 to cause severe lung

3 PVL enhanced the virulence of a subset of MRSA strains i

4 PVL expression augmented the cytotoxicity of S. aureus o

5 PVL genes are consistently associated with skin and soft

6 PVL improved postprocedure (P<0.001) and was none (33.3%

7 PVL is capable of lysing human white blood cells, but at

8 PVL is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of

9 PVL production ranged from 0.02 to 4.865 mug/ml and corr

10 PVL strains are strongly associated with skin and soft-t

11 PVL was significantly reduced in L-treated mice compared

12 PVL was the predominant factor determining late-stage bo

13 PVL-positive (PVL(+)) S. aureus was frequent in the lesi

14 PVL-positive skin and soft-tissue infections are more li

15 PVL-treated mice were subjected to splenic, renal, or pu

16 accine was associated with lower ATI week 16 PVL even after controlling for viral and host genetic fa

17 RSA isolates, we identified 30 spa types, 47 PVL-negative and 15 scn-negative isolates, and no ST398

18 sertion sites were also identified in all 52 PVL-harboring CC30 strains.

19 The ALPPS group received 90% PVL combined with parenchyma transection.

20 riventricular neural apoptosis resulted in a PVL-like phenotype that recapitulates the primary perive

21 We assigned isolates to a PVL R or H sequence type based on a polymorphism that re

22 ate odds of infection or colonisation with a PVL-positive strain with fixed-effects or random-effects

23 on for seemingly contradictory results about PVL's role in virulence.

24 PS-treated mice was injected into mice after PVL.

25 s with the gp120 outer domain, including all PVL signature and CD4 mimicry interactions, but not crit

26 all in 2009 but accounted for a third of all PVL-CSMRSA strains in 2010.

27 Although PVL has long been known to be a S. aureus virulence mole

28 white blood cells, but at sublytic amounts, PVL can activate protective host immunity in the absence

29 rginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), and PVL-carrying prophage, PhiSa2 or PhiSa2-like regions on

30 Documenting the presence of arcA and PVL genes by PCR was an efficient and accurate means of

31 e at separate sites with isogenic PVL(+) and PVL(-) MRSA abrogated the differences in bacterial burde

32 as well as a combined occurrence of tst and PVL in 3 (8.8%) isolates.

33 and the presence of mecA, SCCmec types, and PVL genes were confirmed by PCR.

34 model that explains how influenza virus and PVL act together to cause necrotizing pneumonia: an infl

35 proved optimal for HEp3 tumors and another (PVL 2) for MDA-MB-435.

36 ted transient increases in anti-Hla and anti-PVL antibodies; however, subsequent infection risk was s

37 Treatment of mice with anti-PVL antibody also enhanced bacterial clearance.

38 ore likely to be treated surgically than are PVL-negative infections, and children with PVL-positive

39 Of these, 70 (18.1%) were identified as PVL-CSMRSA.

40 ingle putative virulence determinant such as PVL.

41 L-positive, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (PVL-MRSA) strains, although three novel spa types and a

42 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-MRSA) in adult patients who were screened systematic

43 methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-MSSA) clinical isolates.

44 A relationship between PVL production and clinical presentation or patient demo

45 In this model, both PVL and Hla seemed to be required for early lung involve

46 We found that both PVL-positive CA-MRSA and isogenic Deltapvl strains attac

47 recruited neutrophils are rapidly killed by PVL, resulting in uncontrolled release of neutrophil pro

48 One candidate (PVL 10) proved optimal for HEp3 tumors and another (PVL

49 model systems identified the same candidate (PVL 10) as the most active promoter of vasopermeation in

50 e were no VISA or VRSA isolates that carried PVL genes or ACME, and most strains (69.8%) were staphyl

51 l phage insertion sites in 52 S. aureus CC30 PVL-harboring isolates, collected from four continents o

52 d with community-onset-PVL-negative MRSA (CO-PVL-negative MRSA vs. all other MRSA), with adjusted odd

53 The association with CO-PVL-negative MRSA infection increased across quartiles o

54 -knockout mutant (Deltapvl) and complemented PVL-positive derivative, to evaluate the role of PVL in

55 genic Deltapvl strains and further confirmed PVL's capacity to activate proinflammatory responses fro

56 In contrast, PVL was associated with BT in all animals but did not af

57 Conversely, PVL lowered the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (T

58 The current PVL Academic Research Consortium provides recommendation

59 e of TDR mutations increased with decreasing PVL (rate ratio [RR], 0.91 per 1000 decrease in PVL; P =

60 We determined PVL's toxicity on infected mouse and cultured human corn

61 o PVL and then infected with seven different PVL(+) strains also had significantly higher bacterial c

62 that, independent of its cytotoxic effects, PVL also plays an important and positive immunomodulator

63 Three hundred eight PVL closure procedures were attempted in 259 patients in

64 or design of immunogens capable of eliciting PVL antibodies is that VH1-2*02 germ-line BCR interactio

65 Here, we used an endemic PVL-positive SSTI-causing CA-MRSA strain from Taiwan, to

66 A 5-class grading scheme to evaluate PVL was developed in concordance with VARC recommendatio

67 in experimental cirrhosis with BT (excluding PVL).

68 c resection performing surgical exploration, PVL, and ISS results in a marked and rapid hypertrophy o

69 human sera and at increased levels following PVL(+) S. aureus infections.

70 MRSA bacteremia in premature infants and for PVL-positive isolates.

71 e-associated (HA) MRSA isolate, negative for PVL, that carried SCCmec type II.

72 in infections in rabbits, whereas a role for PVL could not be detected.

73 teracts this pathogen strategy by generating PVL-neutralizing antibodies and by neutralizing the rele

74 HIV PVL and HSV shedding were more important determinants of

75 0 copies/mL) was closely associated with HIV PVL (beta = 0.51 per log10 copies/ml increase, 95%CI:0.4

76 hat higher antibody levels against Hla, Hld, PVL, SEC-1, and PSM-alpha3 may protect against sepsis in

77 vascular disease, diabetes, SCCmec type II, PVL negativity, and higher vancomycin MIC (all P values

78 PVL is an effective procedure that improves PVL severity and symptoms.

79 (rate ratio [RR], 0.91 per 1000 decrease in PVL; P = .033).

80 The acute administration of droxidopa in PVL and BDL rats caused a significant and maintained inc

81 -MSSA identical to those previously found in PVL-MRSA isolates highlights the role these strains may

82 he detection of PVL phages and haplotypes in PVL-MSSA identical to those previously found in PVL-MRSA

83 carrying M184V (RR, 1.50 per 100 increase in PVL; P < .001).

84 ative for L90M (RR, 0.75 per 100 increase in PVL; P = .022).

85 sent for K103N (RR, 1.00 per 100 increase in PVL; P = .99) and negative for L90M (RR, 0.75 per 100 in

86 on with oligodendrocyte and axonal injury in PVL.

87 nd subplate region is significantly lower in PVL cases compared to non-PVL controls.

88 central white matter, and subplate region in PVL cases and controls.

89 ular foci, including the subplate region, in PVL, and may contribute to abnormal cortical formation a

90 In vitro, antibody to PVL incapacitated PVL-mediated activation of PMNs, indicating that virulen

91 other CA-MRSA epidemics, which also include PVL-negative strains, is poorly understood.

92 However, by 2 hours after infection PVL-positive CA-MRSA more effectively disrupted endosome

93 train from Taiwan, together with an isogenic PVL-knockout mutant (Deltapvl) and complemented PVL-posi

94 SA300 wild-type strain with that of isogenic PVL-deletion mutant and -complemented strains.

95 e efficiently within abscesses than isogenic PVL(+) strains.

96 ld-type parental USA300 strain, the isogenic PVL deletion-mutant strain caused equivalent lower respi

97 tion of mice at separate sites with isogenic PVL(+) and PVL(-) MRSA abrogated the differences in bact

98 on isolate characteristic was ST8/SCCmec IV, PVL+ MRSA (USA300) (53%).

99 ly sutured surgical valve paravalvular leak (PVL) closure.

100 f prosthetic mitral valve paravalvular leak (PVL) has emerged as an alternative to surgical treatment

101 Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a frequent complication of transcatheter aortic

102 Paravalvular leak (PVL) occurs in 5% to 17% of patients following surgical

103 Significant prosthetic paravalvular leakage (PVL) could have serious clinical consequences and impair

104 SCCmec) typing, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) screening, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PF

105 associated with Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin.

106 t currently for Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-positive, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aure

107 and HlgCB) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL or LukSF) were shown to assemble from soluble subuni

108 es positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (P = 0.008).

109 xins, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and alpha-hemolysin (Hla), although supporting evid

110 ns were USA300, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) positi

111 nd detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and scn genes.

112 ains expressing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) are associated with severe skin and soft tissue inf

113 The lukF/lukS Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes did not directly correlate with the ISS, bein

114 n, detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), an

115 assays for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, the protein A gene (spa), and arcA and opp3,

116 e phage-encoded Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes.

117 The Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin expressed by many methicillin-resist

118 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a two-component cytolytic toxin epidemiologicall

119 S. aureus toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is most likely causative for necrotizing diseases,

120 ophage encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) lysogenized into its chromosome (prophage).

121 The impact of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) on the outcome in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia i

122 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) production by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

123 re subjected to Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) screening, and SCCmec, pulsed-field gel electrophor

124 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was present in 21.9%, and vancomycin heteroresistan

125 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a bacteriophage encoded toxin that has been epidem

126 ains, expresses Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a pore-forming toxin that targets polymorphonuclea

127 d with those of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a well-characterized S. aureus leukotoxin.

128 element (ACME), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and other toxins that may contribute to disease se

129 strains produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), but its contribution to CA-MRSA pathogenesis is po

130 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), encoded by the lukSF-PV genes, is a putative virul

131 actors, such as Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), have been proposed to drive this epidemic.

132 xins, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), leukotoxin GH (LukGH; also known as LukAB), leukot

133 characteristics Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), SCCmec IVa, the arginine catabolic mobile element

134 emolysin (Hld), Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL), staphylococcal enterotoxin C-1 (SEC-1), and phenol

135 A and those for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), USA300, and USA400.

136 ing part of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), was observed in the codY mutant.

137 USA300 and its Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)- and alpha-hemolysin (Hla)-negative isogenic deriva

138 CCmec type, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing genes on an S. aureus genome.

139 genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL).

140 proteases, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL).

141 lysin (Hla) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL; LukF-PV/LukS-PV subunits), both premier targets of

142 m infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is uncertain.

143 disease (HD), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and kidney dysfunction; Fer-1 inhibited lipid pero

144 ogies, notably periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which is distinguished by bilateral necrosis of ne

145 tic cirrhosis and 2-day portal vein-ligated (PVL) animals.

146 Sham, portal vein-ligated (PVL), and 4-week biliary duct-ligated (BDL) rats receive

147 ALPPS combines portal vein ligation (PVL) with liver transection (step I), followed by resect

148 cal exploration, right portal vein ligation (PVL), and in situ splitting (ISS) of the liver parenchym

149 of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) antibodies, and verify the importance of these feat

150 Potent VRC01-like (PVL) HIV-1 antibodies derived from the VH1-2*02 germ-lin

151 of TDR mutations and population viral load (PVL) among treated patients during 1997-2011 was estimat

152 tal HIV shedding with HIV plasma viral load (PVL), herpetic lesions, HSV shedding and other factors w

153 to determine the distribution of lysogenized PVL phages among MRSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains

154 mL), and 77 (72%) were viremic with a median PVL of 5450 copies/mL (interquartile range, 169-1 997 96

155 hundred sixty-two patients (70%) had </=mild PVL after the procedure.

156 Mitral PVL was associated with higher MACE (hazard ratio [HR],

157 e patients who underwent percutaneous mitral PVL closure at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, between Janua

158 t of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral PVL closure, successful percutaneous reduction of the PV

159 f 231 patients underwent percutaneous mitral PVL repair at a mean age of 67+/-12 years.

160 ificantly lower in PVL cases compared to non-PVL controls.

161 Hla, but not PVL, significantly impacted severe sepsis-related mortal

162 heat-killed organisms and in the absence of PVL and alpha-toxin.

163 fferent mammalian species, where activity of PVL is found to be restricted to fewer species than that

164 hitherto unrecognized low-level carriage of PVL-CSMRSA among patients being admitted to hospitals in

165 so describe the molecular characteristics of PVL-MRSA and antibiotic resistance phenotypes.

166 Characterization of PVL-MSSA isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) a

167 es in 114 isolates comprising nine clones of PVL-MRSA that were selected for maximal underlying genet

168 Percutaneous closure of PVL is an effective procedure that improves PVL severity

169 Furthermore, the detection of PVL phages and haplotypes in PVL-MSSA identical to those

170 We determined here the distribution of PVL phages, PVL gene sequences, and chromosomal phage in

171 h the pvl gene variation and distribution of PVL-encoding phages are poorly understood.

172 ains sheds further light on the evolution of PVL-positive CA-MRSA.

173 The expression of PVL but not LukAB resulted in more-severe pulmonary infe

174 The genotypes of PVL(+) S. aureus in returnees were reported to be endemi

175 Inactivation of PVL in USA300 strains caused reduced pathology and bacte

176 L(+) MRSA is enhanced by the interference of PVL-activated innate immune responses.

177 ime points of examination, no involvement of PVL in virulence could be detected.

178 um skin infection model, where low levels of PVL augmented innate immune resistance to infection.

179 Seven different lineages of PVL-CSMRSA were identified.

180 dings provide insights into the mechanism of PVL-induced lung injury and inflammation and demonstrate

181 es, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms of PVL and a possible contribution of influenza virus remai

182 rtant insights into the microepidemiology of PVL-harboring CC30 strains, while the discovery of PhiSa

183 rtant insights into the microepidemiology of PVL-MRSA, will prove a valuable adjunct in outbreak inve

184 n and each infection relative to the odds of PVL-positive skin and soft-tissue infection.

185 utant was not explained by overexpression of PVL.

186 The presence of PVL in S. aureus in travelers was associated with compli

187 Here we report the prevalence of PVL among a representative sample of 1,055 S. aureus inf

188 riginal research reporting the prevalence of PVL genes among Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, bactera

189 l counts, suppressed bacterial production of PVL and Hla, and reduced production of the neutrophil-ch

190 t on host innate immunity from production of PVL.

191 In contrast, the colonization rate of PVL-CSMRSA increased over time, rising from 0.075% in 20

192 man corneal epithelial cells and the role of PVL and antibody to PVL in pathogenesis of murine kerati

193 We investigate the role of PVL in disease, colonisation, and clinical outcome.

194 sed studies are needed to define the role of PVL in mild, moderate, and severe disease and to inform

195 positive derivative, to evaluate the role of PVL in the pathogenesis of CA-MRSA in the RHEK-1 human k

196 The role of PVL in the success of the epidemic CA-MRSA strain USA300

197 es the temporal and spatial specificities of PVL and indicate that damage to VEGF-dependent, immature

198 Finally, we show that the toxicity of PVL, but not of HlgCB, is neutralized by various C5aR1 a

199 definitions to be used in clinical trials of PVL closure devices.

200 vation of PMNs, indicating that virulence of PVL(+) MRSA is enhanced by the interference of PVL-activ

201 e positively associated with community-onset-PVL-negative MRSA (CO-PVL-negative MRSA vs. all other MR

202 iver was compared to patients after ALPPS or PVL.

203 LukGH or PVL caused skin inflammation in rabbits and a monkey, bu

204 Controls underwent either transection or PVL alone.

205 strains, while USA400 strains overproducing PVL caused increased bacterial burdens.

206 isogenic DeltaPVL, or strains overproducing PVL.

207 lyvalerolactone-poly(ethylene glycol) (PAMAM-PVL-PEG).

208 While the hydrophobic PAMAM-PVL core can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, the hydrophi

209 ist on the impact of successful percutaneous PVL closure on midterm outcomes.

210 rom mitral valve replacement to percutaneous PVL repair was 1.25 (0.31-7.25) years.

211 and Ireland centers undertaking percutaneous PVL closure submitted data to the UK PVL Registry.

212 ermined here the distribution of PVL phages, PVL gene sequences, and chromosomal phage insertion site

213 1 was Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive (PVL(+)).

214 he CC8/Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive (PVL(+)) group of S. aureus clone USA300: 34 of these str

215 PVL-positive (PVL(+)) S. aureus was frequent in the lesional and nasal

216 effect on MRSA strains that did not produce PVL.

217 Purified PVL instilled directly into the lung caused lung inflamm

218 toxins Panton-Valentine leukocidin LukSF-PV (PVL) and gamma-hemolysin CB (HlgCB) target human phagocy

219 ized PVL phages among MRSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains), the PVL gene sequences, and the chrom

220 ity of methods for assessing and quantifying PVL, and lack of consistency in the timing of such asses

221 Residual PVL is associated with 1-year mortality.

222 residual PVL, patients with </=mild residual PVL had lower rates of repeat surgical interventions (6%

223 Compared with those who had >mild residual PVL, patients with </=mild residual PVL had lower rates

224 7% in patients with higher grade of residual PVL (P=0.002).

225 Moderate to severe residual PVL was associated with all-cause mortality (hazard rati

226 Six PVL phages (PhiPVL, Phi108PVL, PhiSLT, PhiSa2MW, PhiSa2U

227 The six PVL phages were identified by PCR; PhiSa2USA was present

228 LST) clonal complex associated with specific PVL phage types.

229 ntify the origin of a sudden increase of ST8 PVL-positive isolates in Geneva during 2013.

230 trate the utility of the rabbit for studying PVL-mediated pathogenesis.

231 rgeons score 7+/-4%) with severe symptomatic PVL in mitral (81%) or aortic (19%) position underwent t

232 alence, progression, and impact of post-TAVR PVL and to help direct future efforts regarding the asse

233 ffect of antibody treatment, it appears that PVL plays an inconsistent role in pathogenesis and immun

234 We conclude that PVL does not contribute to lower respiratory tract infec

235 Analysis of 92 isolates confirmed that PVL phages inserted into the same chromosomal insertion

236 ns with their receptors, we demonstrate that PVL and HlgCB differentially interact with human C5aR1 a

237 ms of disease we identified no evidence that PVL affects outcome.

238 onia and used it to test the hypothesis that PVL contributes to lower respiratory tract infections ca

239 model in rabbits to test the hypothesis that PVL contributes to USA300 pathogenesis and compare it wi

240 These findings indicate that PVL is an important virulence factor that enables CA-MRS

241 Our results indicate that PVL phages with icosahedral heads, including Phi108PVL a

242 Recent reports indicating that PVL may be correlated with increased late mortality have

243 We show that PVL and HlgCB feature distinct activity toward neutrophi

244 low doses induced apoptosis, suggesting that PVL also has the capacity to regulate inflammation.

245 oversial, with clinical data suggesting that PVL-producing strains may cause less severe disease in h

246 This finding challenges the view that PVL mainly causes invasive disease with poor prognosis.

247 The PVL Academic Research Consortium met to review evidence

248 sular polysaccharide gene cap5E Although the PVL-encoding phage varphiSa2USA was introduced into the

249 resence of SCCmec type IV, the ACME, and the PVL toxin gene and matched the t008 or t121 molecular sp

250 ons did not differ significantly between the PVL cases and controls.

251 , lineage-specific relationships between the PVL phage, the genes that encode the toxin, and the posi

252 for the prophage insertion that harbored the PVL genes.

253 egions was 54 to 80% lower (p</=0.01) in the PVL cases (n=15) compared to controls adjusted for age a

254 ingle-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PVL genes have been reported.

255 By 6 hours after infection, the PVL-positive strain caused significantly more caspase-de

256 nce of the arcA gene and the presence of the PVL genes (area under the curve, 0.980; 95% confidence i

257 re, successful percutaneous reduction of the PVL to mild or less was associated with significant midt

258 RSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains), the PVL gene sequences, and the chromosomal phage insertion

259 ion M184V was positively associated with the PVL of nonresponding patients carrying M184V (RR, 1.50 p

260 VL included lower pre-antiretroviral therapy PVL, greater Gag sequence divergence from the vaccine se

261 ons in humans, it appears that antibodies to PVL might contribute to host susceptibility to infection

262 Antibodies to PVL or control sera were topically applied to infected c

263 ght possibly be neutralized by antibodies to PVL, which are found in normal human sera and at increas

264 Mice given antibody to PVL and then infected with seven different PVL(+) strain

265 Antibody to PVL had no effect on MRSA strains that did not produce P

266 al cells and the role of PVL and antibody to PVL in pathogenesis of murine keratitis.

267 In vitro, antibody to PVL incapacitated PVL-mediated activation of PMNs, indic

268 opical treatment with polyclonal antibody to PVL yielded significant reductions in corneal pathology

269 The open transapical approach to PVL closure in high-risk patients has a high procedural

270 ature periventricular vessels contributes to PVL development.

271 PMNs are less susceptible than human PMNs to PVL-induced cytolysis, whereas rabbit PMNs, like those o

272 emnant liver after ALPPS doubled relative to PVL, whereas mice with transection alone disclosed minim

273 s of infection because mice are resistant to PVL and HlgCB.

274 in this study showed a genetic similarity to PVL-positive, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (PVL-MRSA)

275 ates (385/1,998, or 19.3%) were subjected to PVL testing.

276 e those of humans, are highly susceptible to PVL-induced cytolysis.

277 cC, vanA, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin toxin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) genes.

278 pacity and quality of life after transapical PVL closure.

279 d midterm clinical efficacy of transcatheter PVL closure using an open transapical approach.

280 ecutive patients who underwent transcatheter PVL closure in our center were prospectively enrolled.

281 ortic (19%) position underwent transcatheter PVL closure.

282 taneous PVL closure submitted data to the UK PVL Registry.

283 We hypothesized that a key to understanding PVL's action on host cells and, possibly, outcomes from

284 We found that, unlike PVL, LukGH did not prime human neutrophils for increased

285 clude routine detection of genes for USA300, PVL, or mupA, all of which were either of low frequency

286 However the reduction of in vivo PVL did not reach the statistical significance in V- tre

287 elates of ATI week 16 plasma viral load (w16 PVL).

288 tors independently associated with lower w16 PVL included lower pre-antiretroviral therapy PVL, great

289 the CA-MRSA infection isolates, 8 (67%) were PVL(+).

290 cA-positive MRSA isolates, five (14.7%) were PVL-positive, seventeen (50%) were tst-positive, ten (29

291 Whether PVL is pathogenic or an epidemiological marker is unclea

292 While PVL is usually viewed as a cytotoxin, at sublytic amount

293 The signature features explain why PVL antibodies derive from a single germ-line human V(H)

294 om nontemperate climates are associated with PVL(+) S. aureus and promote the emergence and spread of

295 e PVL-negative infections, and children with PVL-positive musculoskeletal disease might have increase

296 Circulating factors in combination with PVL seem to mediate enhanced liver regeneration, associa

297 gans or ALPPS-plasma injection combined with PVL induced liver hypertrophy similar to ALPPS.

298 d odds ratios (ORs) to compare patients with PVL-positive colonisation and each infection relative to

299 sogenized PVL phages among MRSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains), the PVL gene sequences, and the

300 Upon superinfection with PVL-expressing S. aureus, the recruited neutrophils are