ライフサイエンスコーパス: PspA

1 PspA did not have to be attached to the bacterial surfac

2 PspA is a bifunctional protein that is directly involved

3 PspA is divided into two major families based on serolog

4 PspA is known to elicit protection against pneumococcal

5 PspA represents a major virulence factor and a promising

6 PspA therefore represses its own expression.

7 PspA was found to be specifically required for virulence

8 PspA was found to facilitate Mn(2+) transport by MntH an

9 PspA's C terminus has a choline-binding domain that anch

10 PspA, -B and -C regulate the bacterial phage shock prote

11 PspA, the most abundant of the Psp proteins, is required

12 PspA- and influenza virus-specific antibodies were detec

13 Based on 1,352 PspA sequences derived from a pneumococcal carriage coho

14 mpared with incubation with an eluate from a PspA(-) strain.

15 hese results indicate an RASV synthesizing a PspA fusion protein representing both PspA families cons

16 t pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) to a PspA-specific T hybridoma more efficiently than macropha

17 r CR4 (CR4(-/-)) were challenged with WU2, a PspA(+) capsular serotype 3 pneumococcus, and its PspA(-

18 of PPS14 and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) (PPS14-PspA) in saline was markedly defective.

19 as a fusion protein with surface protein A (PspA) (strains 603OVA(1) and Rx1Delta lytAOVA(1)) or wit

20 ted proteins pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pneumococcal choline-binding protein C (PspC).

21 x domains of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC), to the

22 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and PspC are important virulence factors.

23 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and PspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae are surface v

24 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) efficiently inhibits this bactericidal action.

25 al region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) from S. pneumoniae strain A66.1 were cloned and ex

26 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been shown to interfere with complement deposi

27 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is highly immunogenic and can induce a protective

28 detection of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) peptide and SP lysate from synthetic and actual hu

29 recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) to a PspA-specific T hybridoma more efficiently th

30 al region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) to the mouse immune system.

31 synthesizing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) were also confirmed to possess nearly complete lip

32 ch PPS14 and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) were stably attached to 1 mum (bacteria-sized) lat

33 juvant for a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) would enhance PspA-specific secretory-IgA Ab respo

34 that regard, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a major surface protein of pneumococci, is a prom

35 Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a major virulence factor of pneumococci, effectiv

36 pneumolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), and pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA) were me

37 D and PhtE), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), plasminogen and fibronectin binding protein B (Pf

38 d immunogens pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), putative proteinase maturation protein A (PpmA),

39 (PsaA), and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-are currently being investigated as vaccine candid

40 induced by a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-based nasal vaccine are necessary for prevention o

41 higher than pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-specific, genetic toxoid derivative of pneumolysin

42 ic region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA).

43 responses to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA).

44 l surface by pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA).

45 regulated in trans by phage shock protein A (PspA).

46 ein with the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA).

47 e for either pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA-), neuraminidase A (NanA-), or hyaluronidase (Hyl-)

48 Once this switch is activated PspA concentration increases, which might then allow it

49 resulted in reduced immune responses against PspA and Salmonella antigens.

50 us has a choline-binding domain that anchors PspA to the phosphocholine (PC) moieties on the pneumoco

51 Both PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1 were synthesized in the RASV and secrete

52 wo PspA fusion proteins, PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1.

53 e presence of genes encoding PsaA, PpmA, and PspA in 11 clinical isolates was examined by PCR, and th

54 spA-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferative and PspA-induced Th1- and Th2- type cytokine responses were

55 cells and expressed both viral proteins and PspA.

56 In general, both PsaA- and PspA-specific lung-, cervical lymph node-, nasal tract-,

57 ether, these findings suggest that PsaA- and PspA-specific mucosal responses as well as systemic humo

58 Using flow cytometry of PspA(+) and PspA(-) strains, we observed that the absence of PspA le

59 Anti-PspA antibody titers were inversely correlated to the le

60 0 were highly defective in eliciting an anti-PspA response, although the anti-polysaccharide response

61 ed strongly with both anti-PspA/Rx1 and anti-PspA/EF5668 antisera.

62 ion proteins reacted strongly with both anti-PspA/Rx1 and anti-PspA/EF5668 antisera.

63 enuation elicited significantly greater anti-PspA immune responses, including serum IgG and T cell se

64 in chi9241 induced significantly higher anti-PspA IgG and IgA antibody titers than strain chi9555, wh

65 lsed macrophages elicited an IgM or IgG anti-PspA and anti-polysaccharide response comparable in seru

66 The IgG anti-PspA response, in contrast to the IgG anti-polysaccharid

67 IgG responses without inducing mucosal anti-PspA IgA responses.

68 strains, mice produced robust levels of anti-PspA Abs and showed significantly improved survival agai

69 htly higher titers of mucosal and serum anti-PspA antibodies than P(pagC)-immunized mice, while titer

70 e strain delivering the pneumococcal antigen PspA, all of the mutations tested resulted in reduced im

71 +) plasmids specifying pneumococcal antigens PspA and PspC, respectively.

72 eric states permit formation of the apparent PspA-PspF dodecameric assembly, we conclude that PspA an

73 th 1 x 10(9) CFU of chi9760 (carrying Asd(+)-PspA and DadB(+)-PspC plasmids) elicited a dominant Th1-

74 the mixture of two strains, chi9828 (Asd(+)-PspA) and chi11026 (DadB(+)-PspC).

75 ructure represent major associations between PspA and lactoferrin.

76 idence for an interaction in E. coli between PspA and PspF in vivo, which strongly suggests that PspA

77 Both PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1 were synthesized in

78 PR regions of both PspA and PspC were antibody accessible on the pneumococc

79 In the absence of both PspA and PspC, there is also a major increase in C1q-ind

80 zing a PspA fusion protein representing both PspA families constitutes an effective antipneumococcal

81 y regulated by PspF, negatively regulated by PspA, and induced in response to the production of secre

82 verse pneumococcal surface proteins A and C (PspA and PspC) and zinc metalloprotease A and B (ZmpA an

83 umococcal virulence factors include capsule, PspA, PspC, and Ply.

84 stead of uniformly covering the entire cell, PspA (and PspG) is highly organized into what appear to

85 In uninduced cells, PspA, -B and -C were highly mobile and widely distribute

86 PspF binding-induced conformational changes, PspA may then share structural similarities with a bEBP

87 Under normal growth conditions PspA and PspD control the level of activity of ArcB/ArcA

88 In non-inducing conditions PspA and PspF were almost exclusively in the soluble fra

89 of the cell, whereas under stress conditions PspA, PspD, and PspG deliver their effector functions at

90 enterobacteria, under non-stress conditions, PspA as a low-order assembly directly inhibits its cogna

91 B(CT) in the OFF state, whereas it contacted PspA in the ON state.

92 Vesicles isolated from this strain contained PspA in the lumen.

93 In contrast, PspA associates with the cytoplasmic membrane proteins P

94 ner membrane interacting negative controller PspA.

95 However, the PspC(CT).PspB(CT) and PspC(CT).PspA interactions were mutually exclusive in vitro.

96 Using flow cytometry, PspA was found to be the major target of surface-bound c

97 t levels of C3 deposition were on a Deltaply PspA(-) PspC(-) mutant.

98 hat there was enhanced clearance of Deltaply PspA(-) PspC(-) pneumococci compared to the clearance of

99 rimary and secondary IgG anti-protein (i.e., PspA, PspC, and PsaA) response.

100 Single molecule imaging of eGFP-PspA and its amphipathic helices variants in live Escher

101 of BALB/c mice with RASV synthesizing either PspA fusion protein elicited serum immunoglobulin G (IgG

102 The amphipathic helices enable PspA to switch from a low-order gene regulator into an I

103 occal surface protein A (PspA) would enhance PspA-specific secretory-IgA Ab responses, which could pr

104 This was associated with enhanced PspA-specific CD4+-T-cell priming.

105 titers than strain chi9555, which expressed PspA constitutively.

106 All RASV strains expressing PspA generated high antilipopolysaccharide antibody tite

107 tion on representative strains from all five PspA clades.

108 pF residue that is a binding determinant for PspA.

109 evels of serum immunoglobulin G specific for PspA and for outer membrane proteins from other enteric

110 high levels of serum antibodies specific for PspA as well as to Salmonella antigens in orally immuniz

111 high levels of serum antibodies specific for PspA as well as to Salmonella antigens.

112 Furthermore, PspA immunization significantly reduced secondary bacter

113 Importantly, aged mice given PspA plus a combination of pFL and CpG ODN showed protec

114 duce adaptive immunity against heterologous (PspA of Streptococcus pneumoniae) and homologous antigen

115 hFcgammaRI Tg mice receiving anti-hFcgammaRI-PspA exhibited elevated S. pneumoniae-specific IgA, IgG2

116 argeted to hFcgammaRI as the anti-hFcgammaRI-PspA fusion, enhanced protection against lethal S. pneum

117 Anti-hFcgammaRI-PspA or recombinant PspA (rPspA) alone was used to intra

118 Immune sera from the anti-hFcgammaRI-PspA-immunized Tg mice showed enhanced complement C3 dep

119 nsfusion responded with significantly higher PspA-specific antibody titers after immunization with Ps

120 These data provide new insight into how PspA and PspC act in synergy to protect pneumococci from

121 However, PspA is not required for the ability to tolerate secreti

122 However, PspA-specific mucosal IgA antibody levels were significa

123 It is not known, however, if PspA and PspC affect IA.

124 -terminal amphipathic helices ahA and ahB in PspA HD1 are functional determinants involved in negativ

125 system normally leads to a large increase in PspA concentration and we found that this provided a sec

126 ses against vesicle components that included PspA and Salmonella-derived lipopolysaccharide and outer

127 onse, Psp protein levels increase, including PspA, which has been implicated as the master effector o

128 endent on PspBC but independent of increased PspA concentration.

129 However, upon induction PspA, but not PspF, mainly associated with the membrane

130 chemical evidence showing that an inhibitory PspA-PspF regulatory complex, which has significantly re

131 required for the formation of the inhibitory PspA-PspF complex.

132 +) capsular serotype 3 pneumococcus, and its PspA(-) mutant JY1119.

133 These results indicate that HA-KO/PspA virus is a promising bivalent vaccine candidate tha

134 O/PspA virus, and mice inoculated with HA-KO/PspA virus were completely protected from lethal challen

135 Although this virus (HA-KO/PspA virus) could replicate only in an HA-expressing cel

136 from mice intranasally inoculated with HA-KO/PspA virus, and mice inoculated with HA-KO/PspA virus we

137 x was prevented in mice immunized with HA-KO/PspA virus.

138 Real-time observations revealed lateral PspA and PspG complexes are highly mobile, but absent in

139 At native TatA levels, PspA deficiency clearly affected anaerobic TMAO respirat

140 After inoculation by the LpxE/PspA strains, mice produced robust levels of anti-PspA A

141 Using mutant PspA(-) pneumococci of four different strains, we observ

142 Although IgA(-/-) mice given nasal PspA plus pFL had significantly high levels of PspA-spec

143 with a pneumococcal eluate containing native PspA, there was decreased deposition of CRP and C3 on th

144 mouse sera, we demonstrated that absence of PspA allows greater deposition of C1q and thus increased

145 ent C3 deposition realized in the absence of PspA alone and in the absence of PspA and PspC resulted

146 absence of PspA alone and in the absence of PspA and PspC resulted in both greatly increased IA to h

147 (-) strains, we observed that the absence of PspA led to exposure of PC, enhanced the surface binding

148 exhibit reduced viability in the absence of PspA when grown under metal-limited conditions.

149 MntH and ZupT was reduced in the absence of PspA.

150 can become growth limiting in the absence of PspA.

151 The increased amounts of PspA and decreased rates of NADH oxidation in Delta tolC

152 Binding of PspA blocks surface accessibility of this bactericidal p

153 Further, a nasal vaccine consisting of PspA plus pFL effectively reduced pre-existing Streptoco

154 We investigated the contribution of PspA to Salmonella virulence.

155 Using flow cytometry of PspA(+) and PspA(-) strains, we observed that the absenc

156 complex of the lactoferrin-binding domain of PspA with the N-lobe of human lactoferrin reveals direct

157 sh that all four putative helical domains of PspA are critical for the formation of the 36-mer.

158 putative N-terminal alpha-helical domains of PspA is crucial for the role of PspA as a negative regul

159 and PspF crucial for the negative effect of PspA upon PspF.

160 cosal IgA responses against both families of PspA.

161 An 11-amino-acid fragment of PspA was also able to reduce the killing by LFN.

162 e the soluble recombinant N-terminal half of PspA could prevent killing by both ALF and LFN.

163 The C-terminal halves of PspA and PspC have some structural similarity and contai

164 Despite the immunogenicity of PspA, PpmA, and PsaA, mice were still protected followin

165 st pneumococci and to decipher the impact of PspA on CR-dependent host defense, wild-type C57BL/6J mi

166 onto pneumococci, but to date the impact of PspA on CR-mediated host defense is unknown.

167 olish export result in a marked induction of PspA protein synthesis, consistent with its proposed rol

168 eraction, demonstrating that basal levels of PspA already interact with TatA.

169 Significant levels of PspA-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferative and PspA-induc

170 pA plus pFL had significantly high levels of PspA-specific IgG Abs, high numbers of CFUs were detecte

171 juvant showed significantly higher levels of PspA-specific S-IgA and IgG Ab responses in both plasma

172 pFL and CpG ODN elicited elevated levels of PspA-specific secretory-IgA Ab responses in external sec

173 visualized the subcellular localizations of PspA (a negative regulator and effector of Psp) and PspG

174 sensitive linear region from 0 to 8 ng/mL of PspA peptide and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.218

175 stinct spatial and temporal organisations of PspA corresponding to its negative control and effector

176 protection-eliciting N-terminal portions of PspA and PspC.

177 his was associated with defective priming of PspA-specific CD4+ T cells.

178 detergents and observed a co-purification of PspA, a membrane-stress response protein.

179 eumoniae lysates consistent with the M(r) of PspA.

180 t, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant.

181 In many PR regions of PspA and PspC, there exists an almost invariant nonproli

182 y PspBC- and PspF-dependent up-regulation of PspA.

183 l domains of PspA is crucial for the role of PspA as a negative regulator of PspF.

184 omologue, VIPP1, indicating that the role of PspA in Tat export may be phylogenetically conserved.

185 The physiological role of PspA recruitment to TatA may therefore be the control of

186 basis for exploring the specialised roles of PspA homologues such as YjfJ, LiaH and Vipp1.

187 Prior studies of PspA and PspC as immunogens focused primarily on the alp

188 ns between the negatively charged surface of PspA helices and the highly cationic lactoferricin moiet

189 murium displaying the variable N terminus of PspA (alpha1alpha2) for intranasal vaccination, which in

190 ever, studies on VIPP1 itself, as well as on PspA, its bacterial homolog, suggests that this protein

191 rotection than PspA/EF5668-Rx1, PspA/Rx1, or PspA/EF5668.

192 ed with the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 PspA homologue, VIPP1, indicating that the role of PspA

193 ion between integral (PspBC) and peripheral (PspA) cytoplasmic membrane proteins and a soluble transc

194 Also, Ply, PspA, and PspC expression resulted in C3 degradation in

195 A fragment of the S. pneumoniae PspA gene was cloned and sequenced, and the deduced amin

196 assessment and the Streptococcus pneumoniae PspA protein for validation of our system in mice.

197 al surface antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae PspA, with a similar proline-rich region.

198 e to beads coated simultaneously with PPS14+[PspA] peaked rapidly, with the secondary response highly

199 Beads coated simultaneously with PPS14+[PspA], similar to conjugate, induced in mice boosted PPS

200 pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) (PPS14-PspA) in saline was markedly defective.

201 y linked to each other, in contrast to PPS14-PspA conjugate.

202 ntrast, immunization of aged mice with PPS14-PspA combined with an unmethylated CpG-containing oligod

203 To provide broad protection, PspA proteins from pneumococcal strains Rx1 (family 1) a

204 nserved membrane-associated effector protein PspA has four alpha-helical domains (HD1-HD4) and helps

205 zed a derivative of the pneumococcal protein PspA engineered to be secreted into the periplasmic spac

206 expressing the pneumococcal surface protein PspA from an Asd(+) balanced-lethal plasmid.

207 the Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein PspA from an Asd(+)-balanced lethal plasmid.

208 yla reveal conservation of only one protein, PspA.

209 ely regulated by another regulatory protein, PspA.

210 tide peptidase (SppA), phage shock proteins (PspA and YvlC, a PspC homologue) and tellurite resistanc

211 e combined to form two PspA fusion proteins, PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx1.

212 We establish that a stable repressive PspF-PspA complex is located in the nucleoid, transiently com

213 mmunized with an equivalent dose of purified PspA.

214 , while control mice immunized with purified PspA or empty vesicles were not protected.

215 hibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of

216 Anti-hFcgammaRI-PspA or recombinant PspA (rPspA) alone was used to intranasally immunize wil

217 (i.d.) immunization of mice with recombinant PspA in combination with LT-IIb(T13I), a novel i.d. adju

218 exists in an OFF state, which cannot recruit PspA, or an ON state, which can.

219 tion to its transcriptional inhibitory role, PspA assists maintenance of the proton motive force and

220 lical domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae Rx1 PspA was cloned into pYA3681, resulting in pYA3685 to te

221 tly greater protection than PspA/EF5668-Rx1, PspA/Rx1, or PspA/EF5668.

222 adoptive basophil transfer before secondary PspA immunization.

223 ions yielded the largest amounts of secreted PspA and PspC, respectively, and induced the highest ser

224 composed of around six PspF subunits and six PspA subunits, suggesting that PspA exists in at least t

225 Up to six PspA subunits suppress PspF hexamer action.

226 nstitute a regulatory switch that moves some PspA to the membrane when an inducing trigger is encount

227 ort of volunteers we assessed 6BPS-specific, PspA-specific, and PspC-specific IgG and IgA plasma and

228 Subsequently, PspA-specific antibody titers and resistance of mice aga

229 a from mice immunized with RASV synthesizing PspA/Rx1-EF5668 bound to the surface and directed C3 com

230 enterotoxin family, elicited strong systemic PspA-specific IgG responses without inducing mucosal ant

231 PspB and PspC were important for the TatA-PspA contact.

232 icited significantly greater protection than PspA/EF5668-Rx1, PspA/Rx1, or PspA/EF5668.

233 ion after influenza virus infection and that PspA immunization mitigates early secondary pneumococcal

234 nity against pneumococcal infection and that PspA interferes with the protective role of the alternat

235 -PspF dodecameric assembly, we conclude that PspA and PspF demonstrate a strong propensity to self-as

236 Here we demonstrate that PspA and PspG directly confront a variety of inducing st

237 We used flow cytometry to demonstrate that PspA was readily detectable on the surface of the pneumo

238 s is independent of PspBC, establishing that PspA and PspF can function as a minimal Psp system respo

239 Here, we present biochemical evidence that PspA engages across the side of a PspF hexameric ring.

240 lowed us to obtain unequivocal evidence that PspA is not required for secretin-stress tolerance.

241 Our findings indicate that PspA contributes to secondary S. pneumoniae infection af

242 ral lines of in vitro evidence indicate that PspA-PspF interactions inhibit the ATPase activity of Ps

243 st direct evidence supporting the model that PspA switches binding partners from PspF to PspBC upon i

244 of four different strains, we observed that PspA offers significant protection against killing by AL

245 By structural modelling, we propose that PspA binds to PspF via its first two helical domains.

246 We propose that PspA promotes Salmonella virulence by maintaining proton

247 It has previously been proposed that PspA evenly coates the inner membrane of the cell.

248 - and GFP-tagged proteins also revealed that PspA colocalizes with PspB and PspC into large stationar

249 This revealed that PspA, -B and -C share common behaviours, including a str

250 f Firmicutes and Actinobacteria reveals that PspA orthologs associate with non-orthologous regulatory

251 These results show that PspA-based vaccine-induced specific S-IgA Abs play a nec

252 These results strongly suggest that PspA plays a major role in mediating the immunosuppressi

253 Together, these data suggest that PspA, -B and -C do not stably interact and are highly mo

254 units and six PspA subunits, suggesting that PspA exists in at least two different oligomeric assembl

255 e confounding and disputable suggestion that PspA is not involved in mitigating secretin toxicity.

256 d PspF in vivo, which strongly suggests that PspA-directed inhibition of PspF occurs via an inhibitor

257 The PspA protein is distributed between the cytoplasm and th

258 The PspA/Rx1-EF5668 protein elicited significantly greater p

259 ble to specifically recognize and detect the PspA peptide mixed with other physiologically relevant c

260 tivator protein PspF was not involved in the PspA-TatA interaction, demonstrating that basal levels o

261 ng important surface proteins, including the PspA virulence factor, two proteins (Spr0096 and Spr1875

262 without prior influenza virus infection, the PspA- mutant exhibited attenuation both in mice with and

263 ermined that the high-level induction of the PspA stress protein under YidC depletion conditions is r

264 virus-infected mice, for which growth of the PspA- mutant was 1800-fold lower than that of the parent

265 here was much greater C3 deposition onto the PspA(-) pneumococcus when exposed to normal mouse serum

266 serum, and more iC3b was deposited onto the PspA(-) than the PspA(+) strain.

267 iC3b was deposited onto the PspA(-) than the PspA(+) strain.

268 Here we established that the PspA negative regulation of PspF ATPase activity is the

269 ine-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant.

270 Moreover, when the PspA(-) mutant was incubated with a pneumococcal eluate

271 Therefore, PspA is probably an effector that may play a role in mai

272 te PspF inhibition to occur, more than three PspA subunits need to bind a PspF hexamer with at least

273 indings suggested that the binding of ALF to PspA probably blocks the active site(s) of ALF that is r

274 passively or actively acquired antibodies to PspA or type 3 PS were equivalently protected from homol

275 Antibody to PspA enhanced killing by lactoferrin.

276 lysin but no change in titers of antibody to PspA.

277 Salmonella components, while the response to PspA was less apparent in most mice.

278 rations of IgG and IgA antibody responses to PspA and PdB (a recombinant toxoid derivative of pneumol

279 937(pYA3685) developed antibody responses to PspA and Salmonella outer membrane proteins.

280 etained the same IgG titer level in serum to PspA, a test antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae, and

281 ys excellent electrochemical activity toward PspA with a sensitive linear region from 0 to 8 ng/mL of

282 EF5668 (family 2) were combined to form two PspA fusion proteins, PspA/Rx1-EF5668 and PspA/EF5668-Rx

283 Using PspA and/or PspC isogenic mutants and complement-deficie

284 ly communicating with the inner membrane via PspA.

285 e levels of 6BPS IgG in serum or nasal wash, PspA-specific, or PspC-specific memory B cells or plasma

286 WT mice in the absence of adjuvant, but when PspA was targeted to hFcgammaRI as the anti-hFcgammaRI-P

287 tion mutants further supported a model where PspA is predominantly membrane associated only when the

288 sp system comprises seven proteins, of which PspA is the central component.

289 Our results indicate that while PspA could serve as a target of these protective antibod

290 and in which priming could be achieved with PspA alone.

291 played TatA complexes in direct contact with PspA.

292 PspC (PspC(CT)) that interacts directly with PspA, both in vivo and in vitro.

293 Nasal immunization with PspA plus a combination of pFL and CpG ODN elicited elev

294 into mice before secondary immunization with PspA significantly protected mice from lethal IPD.

295 ific antibody titers after immunization with PspA.

296 Mice nasally immunized with PspA plus a plasmid expressing Flt3 ligand (pFL) cDNA as

297 tor PspF is inhibited by an interaction with PspA.

298 H protease and an interaction interface with PspA, both of which would be compatible with its newly p

299 s 603OVA(1) and Rx1Delta lytAOVA(1)) or with PspA, neuraminidase A, and pneumolysin (Rx1Delta lytAOVA

300 this study, we characterize sequences within PspA and PspF crucial for the negative effect of PspA up