ライフサイエンスコーパス: cystine

1 isease was negatively correlated with plasma cystine).

2 ls (e.g., l-cysteine) into disulfides (e.g., cystine).

3 ntiporter that exports glutamate and imports cystine.

4 alyze the aerobic oxidation of l-cysteine to cystine.

5 d disulfide-rich proteins as a key source of cystine.

6 ulated sulfur pools containing H2S, Cys, and cystine.

7 synthesis, or when cells were deprived of L-cystine.

8 vidence suggests that it is a vestigial half-cystine.

9 etal-organic frameworks, calcite, urea and l-cystine.

10 uria by increasing the solubility of urinary cystine.

11 ystinosin rather than to the accumulation of cystine.

12 detecting and quantitating insoluble urinary cystine.

13 antioxidant role by exporting glutamate for cystine.

14 e, we critically evaluated the importance of cystine 186-cystine 209 (Cys186-Cys209) bond formation f

15 ally evaluated the importance of cystine 186-cystine 209 (Cys186-Cys209) bond formation for TF procoa

16 logical concentrations of cysteine (10 mum), cystine (50 mum) and glutamate (100 mum) in order to pre

17 Cystine A11-B10 occupies a unique position on the molecu

18 We find that levels of a single nutrient, cystine, accounts for the differential dependence on glu

19 Cystine accumulates in every organ in the body and leads

20 increasing evidence supports the notion that cystine accumulation alone is not responsible for the en

21 only a Ctns knockout mouse reported, showing cystine accumulation and late signs of tubular dysfuncti

22 efective cystinosin function, intralysosomal cystine accumulation and the development of cystinosis.

23 that lysosomal storage triggered by soluble cystine accumulation induces apical PTC dedifferentiatio

24 Lysosomal cystine accumulation leads to crystal formation and func

25 Cystinotic mutant larvae showed cystine accumulation, delayed development, and signs of

26 glutamine indirectly supports environmental cystine acquisition via the xCT antiporter, which is exp

27 We found that the cystine-addicted breast cancer cells and tumors have str

28 ctivating pre-existing oncogenic pathways in cystine-addicted TNBC with prominent mesenchymal feature

29 In addition, the cystine addiction phenotype can be abrogated in the cyst

30 The cystine addiction phenotype is associated with a higher

31 pe by modulating the signaling components of cystine addiction.

32 Together, our data reveal that cystine-addiction is associated with EMT in breast cance

33 ndependent breast cancer cells conferred the cystine-addiction phenotype by modulating the signaling

34 addiction phenotype can be abrogated in the cystine-addictive cells by miR-200c, which converts the

35 is a four-fold increase in vasopressinase, a cystine aminopeptidase produced by placental trophoblast

36 Product analysis indicated cystine and cysteine sulfinic acid were the major photoo

37 In summary, MDSCs consume cystine and do not return cysteine to their microenviron

38 ulfidation in cells in response to exogenous cystine and evidence for the formation of polysulfides u

39 that added cysteine abiotically oxidizes to cystine and exponentially growing E. coli degrade high c

40 rter is the major mechanism for transport of cystine and glutamate and modulates the intracellular gl

41 d transcriptional repression of system xc(-) cystine and glutamate antiporter via the JAK/STAT1 pathw

42 cell recordings in acute slices and measured cystine and glutamate uptake in primary glial cultures.

43 ansporter (system xC(-)) is an antiporter of cystine and glutamate.

44 ced (cysteine and glutathione) and oxidized (cystine and glutathione disulphide) aminothiols were qua

45 ynthesize cysteine persulfide (Cys-SSH) from cystine and H2S from cysteine and/or homocysteine.

46 in vitro screening of compounds similar to L-cystine and L-Glu.

47 haracteristics of both natural substrates, L-cystine and L-glutamate (L-Glu).

48 High cystine and low glutathione levels (>+1 SD and <-1 SD, r

49 effect of adding tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, cystine and lysine as surimi gelation enhancers (Alaska

50 ical properties of the gels were determined, cystine and lysine were found to be the most effective a

51 Amino acid score ranged from 37 to 38 with cystine and methionine as limiting amino acid.

52 ady-state and transient currents elicited by cystine and neutralization-scanning mutagenesis of conse

53 xc- transporter and therefore cannot import cystine and reduce it intracellularly to cysteine.

54 s, oxidative stress markers (glutathione and cystine), and arterial stiffness were evaluated.

55 Cysteine, cystine, and inflammatory chemokines and reactive oxygen

56 Selenite, seleno-cystine, and seleno-methionine exert this effect but sel

57 The glutamate/cystine antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SL

58 Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine de

59 Our QM/MM simulations of cystine as a model system take conformational dynamics a

60 ter hydrochlorides of serine, threonine, and cystine as a nitrogen source.

61 on and quantification of vitreous humor (VH) cystine as well as provide the portability for on spot d

62 eabsorption that results in the formation of cystine-based urinary stones.

63 onserved protonatable residues, we show that cystine binding is coupled to protonation of a clinicall

64 l-Cystine bismorpholide (1a) and l-cystine bis(N'-methylpiperazide) (1b) were seven and twe

65 l-Cystine bismorpholide (1a) and l-cystine bis(N'-methylpi

66 ngineered by introduction of a nonperturbing cystine bridge (FVIIa Q64C-sTF G109C) in the interface.

67 upied glycosylation sites and six intrachain cystine bridges with Cys-158 of the very flexible N-term

68 ituting the cysteines forming this interloop cystine by all 20 amino acids, we selected and character

69 ences (other reduced sulfides methionine and cystine, carboxylate, salt (MgCl(2))), carboxylates sign

70 brucella broth with thioglycolic acid and l-cystine (CDBB-TC), for the detection of C. difficile fro

71 ed lysosomal overload, manifested as reduced cystine cellular content.

72 there is a linear correlation between the VH cystine concentration and TSD as the concentration of cy

73 D (the dependent variable), RGB intensity of cystine concentration till 24h (the independent variable

74 ore rapid and frequent monitoring of urinary cystine concentration would significantly improve the di

75 Intralysosomal cystine crystal accumulation, due to mutations in the CT

76 crystal growth by L-cystine "imposters" at L-cystine crystal surfaces has been suggested as a plausib

77 y other crystalline inflammasome activators, cystine crystal-induced IL-1beta secretion required acti

78 oxygen species, and potassium efflux reduced cystine crystal-induced IL-1beta secretion.

79 tine, respectively, effectively inhibiting l-cystine crystallization.

80 vel, amorphous lysosomal inclusions preceded cystine crystals and eventual atrophy without crystals.

81 ed PTC apoptosis allowed luminal shedding of cystine crystals and was partially compensated for by tu

82 Taken together, these data demonstrate that cystine crystals are endogenous inflammasome-activating

83 to other host-derived crystalline moieties, cystine crystals can induce IL-1beta production through

84 oscopy of step propagation on pathological L-cystine crystals did indeed show spirals and islands wit

85 investigated the proinflammatory effects of cystine crystals in primary human PBMCs.

86 ivating stimuli, suggesting a novel role for cystine crystals in the pathogenesis of nephropathic cys

87 LPS-primed PBMCs stimulated with cystine crystals secreted IL-1beta in a dose-dependent m

88 ion was prevented, and deposition of corneal cystine crystals was significantly improved in the BMC-t

89 Additionally, exogenous cystine crystals were internalized by monocytes, and inh

90 L-CDME and L-CME produce l-cystine crystals with different habits that reveal disti

91 at is predominantly in its disulfide form, L-cystine (CSSC), via the xCT(-) transporter.

92 n which sulfide produced by CdsH reacts with cystine (Cys-S-S-Cys), S-sulfocysteine (Cys-S-SO3 (-)),

93 Cysteine (Cys) and cystine (CySS) are the predominant thiol/disulfide redox

94 and plasma concentrations of cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH), isoprostane (IsoP), a

95 Cysteine, cystine (CySS), glutathione, isoprostane, and isofuran w

96 Thus, Nrf1 controls both the FA and the cystine/cysteine content of hepatocytes by participating

97 imported via xCT, xAG, or potentially other cystine/cysteine importing systems.

98 the platform's capabilities by identifying a cystine-dense peptide capable of inhibiting the YAP:TEAD

99 Cystine-dense peptides have the potential to disrupt suc

100 be a platform for identifying target-binding cystine-dense peptides using mammalian surface display,

101 platform provides the opportunity to screen cystine-dense peptides with drug-like qualities against

102 ld be ameliorated with cysteamine, the human cystine depleting therapy.

103 op new treatments not dependent on lysosomal cystine depletion alone for this devastating disease.

104 ailure, and progressive renal injury despite cystine-depletion therapies.

105 Together, our findings reveal that cystine deprivation in VHL-deficient RCCs presents an at

106 We found that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis

107 This screen revealed that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis,

108 Importantly, cystine deprivation triggered similar metabolic changes

109 genetic and mechanistic basis to explain how cystine deprivation triggers necrosis by activating pre-

110 oxa pathways that render them susceptible to cystine deprivation-induced necrosis.

111 -independent and exhibit little death during cystine deprivation.

112 t cells susceptible to necrosis triggered by cystine deprivation.

113 enotype is associated with a higher level of cystine-deprivation signatures noted in the basal type b

114 g of TNFalpha and MEKK4 dramatically reduces cystine-deprived death.

115 K1/RIPK3)-MLKL necrosis pathways potentiated cystine-deprived necrosis.

116 In contrast, Asp in silk, pure cystine (dimer of cysteine), and asparagine (Asn) did no

117 and twenty-four times more effective than l-cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) in increasing the metastab

118 atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that L-cystine dimethylester (L-CDME) and L-cystine methylester

119 caused by the accumulation of the amino acid cystine due to genetic defects in the CTNS gene, which e

120 aracterized by defective lysosomal efflux of cystine due to mutations in the CTNS gene encoding the l

121 densation of two nontoxic building blocks: L-cystine ester and versatile fatty diacids, which make th

122 Cystinosin, the lysosomal cystine exporter defective in cystinosis, is the foundin

123 Exchange of extracellular cystine for intracellular glutamate by the antiporter sy

124 ), the transporter responsible for uptake of cystine for the production of glutathione.

125 s the proteolysis-derived dimeric amino acid cystine from lysosomes and is impaired in cystinosis.

126 e for transporting the disulphide amino acid cystine from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol.

127 abolism in cancer via phosphorylation of the cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT.

128 aine in high-intake rats may involve blunted cystine-glutamate exchange by system x(c(-)).

129 RNA sequencing revealed that inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange leads to activation of an ER

130 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a stimulator of the cystine-glutamate exchanger, attenuates the cognitive an

131 rom the tumor mediated by the system x(c)(-) cystine-glutamate transporter (encoded by Slc7a11).

132 SLC7A11 encodes a subunit of the xCT cystine/glutamate amino-acid transport system and has a

133 ke glutamate, inhibits cystine uptake by the cystine/glutamate antiporter (system x(c)(-)), creating

134 Furthermore, glutamate released by the cystine/glutamate antiporter activated extrasynaptic, bu

135 contrast, pharmacological inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter dramatically attenuated isc

136 h control animals, mice lacking a functional cystine/glutamate antiporter exhibited reduced anoxic de

137 Finally, PET imaging showed increased cystine/glutamate antiporter function in ischemic rats.

138 Altogether, these data suggest that cystine/glutamate antiporter function is increased in is

139 zymes was unchanged, xCT, a component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-), was signifi

140 dentified xCT, the functional subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), as a surface

141 System xc(-) is a heteromeric amino acid cystine/glutamate antiporter that is constitutively expr

142 genes, including SLC7A11, a component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter that regulates reactive oxy

143 levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT/SLC7A11.

144 SLC7A11), the light chain of system xc-, the cystine/glutamate antiporter, suggests that PCP also reg

145 Glutathione synthesis depends on the cystine/glutamate antiporter, which transports the rate-

146 xpression of SLC7A11, a key component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter.

147 e release from rat brain synaptosomes or the cystine/glutamate exchange in astrocytes.

148 he JCI, Soria and colleagues reveal that the cystine/glutamate exchanger is an important source of ex

149 he expression and functional activity of the cystine/glutamate exchanger SLC7A11 (system xc(-)), a tr

150 7, member 11 (Slc7a11) is a plasma membrane cystine/glutamate exchanger that provides intracellular

151 g substrate in glutathione biosynthesis, the cystine/glutamate transporter (system xc(-)) represents

152 (P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), Bach1, cystine/glutamate transporter, and glutamate cysteine li

153 tress, quantified by the plasma aminothiols, cystine, glutathione, and their ratio, is associated wit

154 Furthermore, the ratio of cystine/glutathione was also significantly associated wi

155 ApoA-I(Milano) forms cystine homodimers that would not allow the protein to a

156 Although inhibition of crystal growth by L-cystine "imposters" at L-cystine crystal surfaces has be

157 ATR-FTIR) to detect and quantitate insoluble cystine in 22 cystinuric and 5 healthy control urine sam

158 cystinosis, characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes, is caused by mutations in CTNS

159 oncentration and TSD as the concentration of cystine increases up to 96h+/-3.9h.

160 ntrast, luminal-type breast cancer cells are cystine-independent and exhibit little death during cyst

161 f epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cystine-independent breast cancer cells conferred the cy

162 we show that inhibiting antiporter uptake of cystine interferes with presentation of exogenous Ag to

163 which transports the rate-limiting precursor cystine into the cell in exchange for glutamate.

164 lysosomal clearance of free and crystalline cystine into urine and ongoing tissue repair.

165 Crystallization of L-cystine is a critical step in the pathogenesis of cystin

166 Cystine is poorly soluble in urine with a solubility of

167 If cystine then becomes available, the cystine is rapidly overimported and reduced, leading to

168 le sulfur source, but are also apparent when cystine is used or in rich media.

169 xpression, in conjunction with environmental cystine, is necessary and sufficient to increase glutami

170 The pathogenesis of L-cystine kidney stones involves four critical steps: nucl

171 ne is a critical step in the pathogenesis of cystine kidney stones.

172 fide bonds, collectively known as the cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif.

173 t form a knotted structure known as a cyclic cystine knot (CCK).

174 The C-terminal cystine knot (CK) (CTCK) domain in von Willebrand factor

175 the toxin comprises a well-defined inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) backbone region and a flexible C-term

176 of the three-disulfide-containing inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif found widely in animals and pla

177 MR spectroscopy revealed a classic inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif.

178 pattern C-C-CC-C-C that forms the inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) or knottin motif.

179 reported to adopt a well-defined inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) scaffold structure.

180 da venatoria toxin 2 (HpTx2) is an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK)-gating modifier toxin that selectivel

181 ion to synthesize dimers of integrin-binding cystine knot (knottin) miniproteins with low-picomolar b

182 d illuminated with a fluorescent, engineered cystine knot (knottin) peptide that binds with high affi

183 d to engineer a small, disulfide-constrained cystine knot (knottin) peptide that bound to alpha(v)bet

184 Cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors are cysteine-rich,

185 Similar to other knottins, cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors are highly resista

186 n together, our results expand membership of cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors in the Apocynaceae

187 Here, we show that cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors named alstotides d

188 oline bonds, characteristics shared by other cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors.

189 harmacologically active C-C-CC-C-C inhibitor cystine knot and CC-C-C motifs (168 and 44 toxins, respe

190 ng of panitide L3 showed that it possesses a cystine knot arrangement similar to cyclotides.

191 l end-to-end cyclic backbone combined with a cystine knot arrangement, making them exceptionally stab

192 l receptor ectodomain (ECD) with the Spatzle cystine knot domain dimer.

193 The C-terminal cystine knot domain dimerizes end-to-end in a manner pre

194 that Hi1a comprises two homologous inhibitor cystine knot domains separated by a short, structurally

195 cture with each monomer adopting a conserved cystine knot fold.

196 The conserved motif of the cystine knot is CX3CP.

197 The cystine knot is N-terminal to the collagen triple helix

198 This novel cystine knot is present in type IX collagen, too.

199 monomeric and consists of an eight-membered cystine knot motif with a fold similar to transforming g

200 tides from three different classes of cyclic cystine knot motif-containing cyclotides: Mobius (M), tr

201 de peptide was consistent with an inhibitory cystine knot motif.

202 ssue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) to C-terminal cystine knot motifs present in key angiogenic regulators

203 The cystine knot of Spz binds the concave face of the Toll l

204 First, the cystine knot of the alpha-subunit potentiates formation

205 d and allows for the proper oxidation of the cystine knot of type III collagen after the short triple

206 toxin guangxitoxin-1E (GxTX), an inhibitory cystine knot peptide that binds selectively to Kv2-type

207 These cystine knot peptide tracers, in particular (18)F-fluoro

208 ProTx-II and huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV), cystine knot peptides from tarantula venoms, preferentia

209 Cystine knot peptides were labeled with N-succinimidyl-4

210 Here, we evaluated 2 cystine knot peptides, R01 and S02, previously engineere

211 ligand is the human nerve growth factor-like cystine knot protein Spatzle.

212 e V-ATPase of pea albumin 1b (PA1b), a small cystine knot protein that shows exquisitely selective in

213 own as cyclotides that possess a macrolactam-cystine knot scaffold imparting exceptional physiologica

214 GVIIJ[C24S] adopts an inhibitor cystine knot structure, with two antiparallel beta-stran

215 The eight cystine knot topologies that are characterized by exclus

216 ions from several venoms and characterized a cystine knot toxin called JZTx-27 from the venom of tara

217 hypothesize parallel evolution of inhibitor cystine knot toxins from Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae

218 cysteine-stabilized alpha/beta and inhibitor cystine knot types of fold.

219 was found to adopt the so-called "inhibitor cystine knot" or "knottin" fold stabilized by three disu

220 it potentiates formation of the beta-subunit cystine knot, and second, contacts between alpha-subunit

221 d here for the first time between the D4 and cystine-knot domains form a stem.

222 ain noncovalently associated with the mature cystine-knot growth factor domain after processing.

223 Norrin (Norrie Disease Protein) is a cystine-knot like growth factor.

224 The cystine-knot miniproteins present in tomato fruit (TCMPs

225 ocus on Drosophila bursicon, a heterodimeric cystine-knot protein that activates the G protein-couple

226 We have found that the structurally related cystine-knot protein, nerve growth factor beta (NGFbeta)

227 is a neuropeptide hormone consisting of two cystine-knot proteins (burs alpha and burs beta), respon

228 x ligands, including the family of mammalian cystine-knot proteins.

229 Two cystine knots are energetically preferred; however, all

230 the sustained import of L-cystine via the L-cystine/L-glutamate exchanger, system x(c)(-), is rate-l

231 the role of the cyclic peptide backbone and cystine ladder in the structure, stability, and activity

232 The cyclic cystine ladder motif, comprising a cyclic peptide backbo

233 ed lysosomal overload induced by accumulated cystine leads to cellular abnormalities, including vesic

234 Decrease of lysosomal cystine levels by cysteamine did not rescue mTORC1 activ

235 Further, we show that cystine levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cyst

236 isease progression by reducing intracellular cystine levels.

237 h the resistance by altering glutathione and cystine metabolism in fibroblasts.

238 umour suppression based on p53 regulation of cystine metabolism, ROS responses and ferroptosis.

239 Amino acid analysis gave high levels of cystine/methionine, histidine and tyrosine/phenylalanine

240 with FAO/WHO recommended pattern except for cystine/methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine/phenylalanine,

241 that L-cystine dimethylester (L-CDME) and L-cystine methylester (L-CME) dramatically reduce the grow

242 cation of novel flower and palm-leaf like 3D cystine microstructures (CMs) with high uniformity havin

243 urface, which frustrates the attachment of L-cystine molecules.

244 mprinted polymer two biocompatible monomers (cystine monomer and N-vinyl caprolactam) were used, whic

245 ing due to the progressive setting up of the cystine network.

246 Cystine- or glutathione-bound Ag were found to be the do

247 have novel roles in addition to transporting cystine out of the lysosome.

248 Levels of cystine (oxidized) and glutathione (reduced) were associ

249 ter discontinuing chronic treatment with the cystine prodrug, N-acetylcysteine.

250 While a structural role as a half-cystine provides a stability basis for possible selectiv

251 % in children) and is the result of impaired cystine reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule.

252 disorder characterized by defective urinary cystine reabsorption that results in the formation of cy

253 tammetric current responses for the cysteine-cystine redox cycle in nondegassed aqueous buffer media

254 suggesting that TRP14 is a more dedicated l-cystine reductase compared with Trx1.

255 Moreover, the l-cystine reduction with TRP14 was in contrast to that of

256 ng the metastable supersaturation range of l-cystine, respectively, effectively inhibiting l-cystine

257 macological reprogramming of a small natural cystine-rich peptide by target cells.

258 the naturally occurring hexagonal form of L-cystine single crystals and the {110} faces of the non-n

259 dSTP can accurately identify a wide range of cystine stabilized peptide toxins directly from sequence

260 or triple-stranded beta-sheet, conforming a cystine-stabilized alpha/beta scaffold (CSalpha/beta).

261 tional supplement alpha-lipoic acid inhibits cystine stone formation in the Slc3a1(-/-) mouse model o

262 can readily form microcrystals that lead to cystine stone formation, especially at low urine pH.

263 ential for devising strategies to mitigate L-cystine stone formation.

264 gesting a new pathway to the prevention of L-cystine stones by rational design of crystal growth inhi

265 -type apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I(WT)) having cystine substituted for arginine(173).

266 th medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed C. difficile brucella broth with thiogly

267 If cystine then becomes available, the cystine is rapidly o

268 tamate exchanger that provides intracellular cystine to produce glutathione, a major cellular antioxi

269 regulation of SLC7A11 augments intracellular cystine transport and increases intracellular levels of

270 Blocking antiporter-dependent cystine transport decreases intracellular glutathione le

271 The cystine transporter (system xC(-)) is an antiporter of c

272 ciated point mutant CTNS-K280R, which has no cystine transporter activity.

273 results show a dual role for cystinosin as a cystine transporter and as a component of the mTORC1 pat

274 t chemotherapy induces the expression of the cystine transporter xCT and the regulatory subunit of gl

275 efective gene is CTNS encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin.

276 ions in the CTNS gene encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin.

277 epends on 3MST, whereas the CysB-regulated l-cystine transporter, TcyP, plays the principle role in t

278 ene, which encodes cystinosin, the lysosomal cystine transporter.

279 m urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and cystine trigger caspase-independent cell death in five d

280 Serine, histidine, cystine, tryptophan, and methionine showed poor predicti

281 In this study, we show that IGF-I regulates cystine uptake and cellular redox status by activating t

282 Increased iron availability also increased cystine uptake and glutathione concentration and decreas

283 Here we show that p53 inhibits cystine uptake and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis, a no

284 Indeed, erastin, like glutamate, inhibits cystine uptake by the cystine/glutamate antiporter (syst

285 Cystine uptake increases 3-5 fold in differentiated neur

286 Blocking cystine uptake significantly delayed xenograft growth of

287 Reduced (14)C-cystine uptake through system x(c(-)) was evident in NAc

288 VEGF, glutathione secretion levels, and cystine uptake were measured.

289 rface transport system xC(-), which mediates cystine uptake, a pivotal step in glutathione synthesis

290 (mTOR) kinase, promotes glutamate secretion, cystine uptake, and incorporation into glutathione, link

291 It also enhances system x(c)(-)-dependent cystine uptake, leading to enhanced glutathione synthesi

292 e catalytic subunit of system x(c)(-), and L-cystine uptake.

293 In gliomas, the sustained import of L-cystine via the L-cystine/L-glutamate exchanger, system

294 We observed that when cystine was provided and sulfide levels rose, E. coli be

295 Cystine was quantitated using its 1296 cm(-1) absorption

296 l-Cysteine and l-Cystine were determined with detection limit of 0.125% (

297 H]glutamate, d-[(3)H]aspartate, and l-[(14)C]cystine were used to trace amino acid release and uptake

298 Strand-central cystines were found to be superior to the best designed

299 a high enzymatic activity in reduction of l-cystine, where the catalytic efficiency (2,217 min(-1)mi

300 sulfasalazine, an FDA-approved inhibitor of cystine xCT antiporter, in culture and xenograft assays.