ライフサイエンスコーパス: drusen

1 ivity and no depolarizing contents (55.3% of drusen).

2 usen (RPD) vs those with drusen without RPD (drusen).

3 hout intermediate age-related changes (large drusen).

4 ents was seen frequently in larger cuticular drusen.

5 nset bilateral advanced AMD and extramacular drusen.

6 reflective cores, conical debris, and split drusen.

7 ntermediate drusen, and 96 (30.0%) had large drusen.

8 to focal pigmentary abnormalities and large drusen.

9 contained lipid, yet was distinct from oily drusen.

10 % CI, 0.4-1.1) and the development of medium drusen.

11 uired to have at least 10 intermediate-sized drusen.

12 rs associated with the development of medium drusen.

13 ity observed in vivo in eyes with regressing drusen.

14 ere associated with SDD but not conventional drusen.

15 ith increasing age (P = .01) and severity of drusen.

16 ted with greater long-term risk of reticular drusen.

17 of nonconfluent pseudodrusen or conventional drusen.

18 r layer (ONL) thickness overlying 92% of the drusen.

19 4) of eyes having RPE irregularities such as drusen.

20 acterized by extracellular deposits known as drusen.

21 the histologic characteristics of cuticular drusen.

22 tions are more comparable with those of soft drusen.

23 usion" (PCAN) in eyes with RPD vs those with drusen.

24 P < .001) as well as in all subgroups (soft drusen, -17.1% [95% CI, -24.1% to -9.5%], P < .001; cuti

25 5% CI, -24.1% to -9.5%], P < .001; cuticular drusen, -19.6% [95% CI, -30.3% to -7.2%], P = .003; and

26 ystrophy-like changes (7.5%), and optic disc drusen (2.0%).

27 had hypopigmentation, 249 (77.8%) had small drusen, 250 (78.1%) had intermediate drusen, and 96 (30.

28 In the soft drusen (28 [70%]) and cuticular drusen (8 [20%]) groups,

29 Of 118 eyes with reticular drusen, 40 (33.9%) developed late AMD over 5 years.

30 icantly greater PCAN compared with eyes with drusen (7.31% and 3.88%, respectively; P < .001).

31 In the soft drusen (28 [70%]) and cuticular drusen (8 [20%]) groups, qAF8 levels within the 95% PI w

32 0C rare variant is associated with extensive drusen accumulation in the macula and throughout the fun

33 tinese (DHRD), and autosomal dominant radial drusen (ADRD), and demonstrate that dysfunction of RPE c

34 Vision loss was not correlated with foveal drusen alone, but with foveal drusen that were associate

35 4-fold higher than that in eyes with medium drusen alone.

36 sion to late AMD than the presence of medium drusen alone.

37 as 9838 +/- 3723 cones/mm(2) on conventional drusen and 12,595 +/- 3323) cones/mm(2) between them, a

38 bilateral medium drusen progressing to large drusen and 13.8% to advanced AMD in 10 years.

39 3791 participants (2462 with bilateral large drusen and 1329 with unilateral late AMD at baseline), 1

40 ate AMD; 66% of patients had bilateral large drusen and 34% had large drusen and late AMD in 1 eye.

41 d type 3 neovascularization) associated with drusen and a thin choroid.

42 The rates of progression to large drusen and advanced AMD (neovascular AMD or central geog

43 All machine learning models identified soft drusen and age as the most discriminating variables in c

44 th anti-MAC antibody, but large or confluent drusen and basal deposits were generally unlabeled.

45 In 11 patients with autosomal dominant drusen and confirmed disease-causing EFEMP1 mutation, th

46 fect in which the presence of bilateral soft drusen and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium

47 had bilateral large drusen and 34% had large drusen and late AMD in 1 eye.

48 For AMD eyes with large drusen and no advanced disease, we built a novel risk as

49 illaris nonperfusion compared with eyes with drusen and no RPD.

50 the number of early AMD risk factors (large drusen and pigment abnormalities) in both eyes that can

51 Clinical examination of the 11 eyes revealed drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the central macul

52 ed risk of progression to GA, in addition to drusen and pigmentary changes.

53 Macular OCT drusen and RAT volumes increased significantly in AMD ey

54 ltiple bilateral risk factors for CNV (large drusen and retinal pigment abnormalities) incurs $907 (9

55 Fundus photographs were graded for drusen and retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities and

56 on rate to late AMD in eyes with both medium drusen and retinal pigmentary abnormalities was 4-fold h

57 The natural course and prognosis of medium drusen and risk factors associated with the incidence an

58 Drusen and RPE changes were seen in the peripheral retin

59 EDC, the axial distance from the apex of the drusen and RPE layer to Bruch's membrane) and total reti

60 arly AMD defined by the presence of any size drusen and the presence of pigmentary abnormalities or b

61 tions were found between the diameter of the drusen and their distribution throughout the retina, sha

62 toring patients with CNV in one eye or large drusen and/or pigment abnormalities in both eyes.

63 e RPEDC abnormal thickening (henceforth, OCT drusen) and RPEDC abnormal thinning (RAT) volumes were g

64 d small drusen, 250 (78.1%) had intermediate drusen, and 96 (30.0%) had large drusen.

65 t (P < 0.02) and large (>500 mum; P < 0.003) drusen, and drusen were more commonly visible on fundusc

66 s, and presence of pigment abnormality, soft drusen, and maximum drusen size-to devise and validate a

67 n were categorized as soft drusen, cuticular drusen, and/or reticular pseudodrusen (RPD).

68 ultrastructural characteristics of cuticular drusen appear more similar to those of hard drusen, thei

69 ttern dystrophy-like changes, and optic disc drusen are a consistent finding in seven studies.

70 Drusen are seen in a majority of eyes with AMD in both t

71 teral soft drusen (>125 mum in diameter with drusen area >/=196350 mum2) and depigmentation of retina

72 We also found an association between drusen area (P = .001) and drusen volume (P = .001) and

73 is of variance showed an association between drusen area (P = .005) and drusen volume (P = .001) and

74 22109 and rs570618, were associated with the drusen area in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy

75 ual acuity and of SNPs at the CFH locus with drusen area may provide new insights in pathophysiologic

76 Drusen area measurements on color fundus images were lar

77 elation between proportion of the optic disc drusen area occupied by optic nerve drusen as detected b

78 Patients with an extensive drusen area, drusen with crystalline appearance, and dru

79 tic disc drusen area occupied by optic nerve drusen as detected by autofluorescence imaging and the g

80 vity, which matched with regressing calcific drusen as visualized by cSLO infrared (IR) and MultiColo

81 as from 16 eyes of 16 participants developed drusen-associated atrophy after an average of 20 months

82 changes occurring before the development of drusen-associated atrophy using SD-OCT, which we defined

83 for features that portend the development of drusen-associated atrophy, and the topography, prevalenc

84 ing features that portend the development of drusen-associated atrophy.

85 The integrity of the ISe band and drusen-associated RPE elevation are significant independ

86 al acuity at 10 years in eyes that had large drusen at baseline but never developed advanced AMD was

87 yses restricted to eyes with bilateral large drusen at baseline, the direct comparison of lutein/zeax

88 drusen increased with increasing severity of drusen at baseline, with 70.9% of participants with bila

89 swept source OCT showed multiple optic disc drusen at different levels; most were located immediatel

90 ilarities between human and nonhuman primate drusen based on clinical appearance and histopathology.

91 cipants (P </= 0.002), except for those with drusen between 63 and 125 mum (P >/= 0.107).

92 Drusen breakdown occurred during a follow-up of 39 month

93 These include reduction in drusen burden, slowing the enlargement rate of GA lesion

94 ffected siblings with extensive extramacular drusen, carried essential splice site variant CFH 1:1966

95 model-based on age and SD OCT segmentation, drusen characteristics, and retinal pathology-for progre

96 e presence of 5 retinal, 5 subretinal, and 4 drusen characteristics.

97 usen disappeared from view in 58.3% of eyes, drusen coalescence was seen in 70.8% of eyes, and new RP

98 the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and RPE drusen complex (RPEDC, the axial distance from the apex

99 x, RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning, RPE-drusen complex abnormal thickening, and inner and outer

100 lex volume (r = 0.34, P < .001) and less RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning volume (r = -0.31, P =

101 volume (r = -0.34, P = .005) and greater RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning volume (r = 0.280, P =

102 7.0 vs 10.2 +/- 3.1 minutes, P = .004), RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning volume was greater (P <

103 central GA, the factors (P < 0.001) were RPE drusen complex abnormal thinning volume, intraretinal fl

104 ent loss, RPE drusen complex volume, and RPE drusen complex abnormal thinning volume.

105 pigment epithelium (RPE)-drusen complex, RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning, RPE-drusen complex abn

106 Because the RPE-drusen complex includes the interdigitation of outer seg

107 o-bleach exposure, correlated with lower RPE-drusen complex volume (r = -0.34, P = .005) and greater

108 sensitivity was associated with greater RPE-drusen complex volume (r = 0.34, P < .001) and less RPE-

109 osits, photoreceptor outer segment loss, RPE drusen complex volume, and RPE drusen complex abnormal t

110 volumes of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-drusen complex, RPE-drusen complex abnormal thinning, RP

111 tural and compositional heterogeneity within drusen comprising lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins ha

112 Focal hyperreflectivity over drusen, drusen cores, and hyper- or hyporeflectivity of drusen w

113 The thickness of the drusen correlated with retinal sensitivity (rho = -0.49;

114 ng the macular volume scans, 6224 individual drusen could be identified, including their position wit

115 up analysis, drusen were categorized as soft drusen, cuticular drusen, and/or reticular pseudodrusen

116 characterized by accumulation of subretinal drusen deposits and complement-driven inflammation.

117 A major constituent of drusen deposits are Alzheimer disease-associated amyloid

118 These results refine our understanding of drusen development, and provide insight into the absence

119 th more than 5 years of follow-up, cuticular drusen disappeared from view in 58.3% of eyes, drusen co

120 al imaging and the topography of a cuticular drusen distribution; age-dependent variations in cuticul

121 Focal hyperreflectivity over drusen, drusen cores, and hyper- or hyporeflectivity of

122 evere retinal abnormalities (i.e., calcified drusen, drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment, outer r

123 The occurrence of jPEDs or drusen elsewhere by subjects increased statistically wit

124 ary pigment (PPP), drusen in the macula, and drusen elsewhere, whereas 3D-OCT scans were assessed for

125 presence of jPED, drusen in the macula, and drusen elsewhere.

126 Eyes with drusen exhibited a slightly thicker RPE compared with co

127 A total of 30.5% of the drusen exhibited internal depolarizing material; 0.3% pr

128 lthough serum exposure was not necessary for drusen formation, COL4 accumulation in ECM, and compleme

129 e effects that precipitate fibrotic changes, drusen formation, tractional retinal detachment and so o

130 iation of sub-RPE lipoproteinaceous deposit (drusen) formation and extracellular matrix (ECM) alterat

131 sen (>/=125 microm) from 9.8% to 32.4%, soft drusen from 27.6% (n = 567) to 58.6% (n = 123), and soft

132 567) to 58.6% (n = 123), and soft indistinct drusen from 3.7% (n = 76) to 15.2% (n = 32).

133 s: The prevalence of early and advanced AMD, drusen, geographic atrophy, and neovascular AMD were det

134 These findings may assist in clarifying how drusen give rise to visual loss, which is currently not

135 se of a composite endpoint that incorporates drusen growth, formation of GA, and formation of neovasc

136 GA was present in 21.9% of participants with drusen >125 mum and pigmentary changes in both eyes.

137 Persons with medium drusen (>/= 63-<125 mum), but without pigmentary abnorma

138 s from 4.1% (n = 85) to 7.2% (n = 16), large drusen (>/=125 microm) from 9.8% to 32.4%, soft drusen f

139 s (AMD 0-4) and a separate category of large drusen (>/=125 mum).

140 ormalities or by the presence of large-sized drusen (>/=125-mum diameter) in the absence of late AMD.

141 , which corresponds to having bilateral soft drusen (>125 mum in diameter with drusen area >/=196350

142 as focal pigmentary abnormalities and large drusen (>125 mum) were associated with a higher prevalen

143 were older compared with patients with large drusen (>125 mum; 76+/-4 vs. 68+/-9 years; P < 0.001).

144 ty compared with participants with no or few drusen (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval

145 en locations sampled within ~300 mum of peak drusen height, ONL thickness was significantly increased

146 to detect and define phenotypic patterns of drusen heterogeneity in the form of optical coherence to

147 20.0%; heterozygous = 56.7%) and large soft drusen (homozygous = 19.0%; heterozygous = 42.9%) phenot

148 26.7%; heterozygous = 56.7%) and large soft drusen (homozygous = 21.4%; heterozygous = 66.7%) phenot

149 Peripheral retinal lesions: drusen, hypopigmentary/hyperpigmentary changes, reticula

150 Reticular drusen identified from photographs were confirmed with s

151 igment epithelium in 1 (8%) and 4 (24%); and drusen in 9 (71%) and 12 (75%).

152 mpromise in RPD compared with other forms of drusen in AMD.

153 All individual drusen in each B-scan were manually delineated by expert

154 CT-determined morphologic characteristics of drusen in eyes with or without visual field (VF) defects

155 Appearance of cuticular drusen in multimodal imaging and the topography of a cut

156 The presence of drusen in the extramacular regions (extramacular drusen

157 The presence of drusen in the macula (macular drusen score) and estimate

158 atrophy (PPA), peripapillary pigment (PPP), drusen in the macula, and drusen elsewhere, whereas 3D-O

159 cans were assessed for the presence of jPED, drusen in the macula, and drusen elsewhere.

160 cipants with bilateral large drusen or large drusen in the study eye and late AMD in the fellow eye w

161 oking at baseline predicted higher reticular drusen incidence (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) after adjustin

162 1-4.4) were associated with higher reticular drusen incidence.

163 Similarly, rates of progression to large drusen increased with increasing severity of drusen at b

164 ditional longitudinal follow-up of eyes with drusen is needed to determine if en face OCT imaging can

165 To determine the prevalence of drusen-like deposits (DLDs) and choroidal changes in pat

166 or Abeta42 resulted in dramatic induction of drusen-like deposits by 2 months' post-injection.

167 way control and is generally associated with drusen-like deposits in Bruch's membrane, as well as cho

168 e alteration, it impacted the composition of drusen-like deposits in patient hiPSC-RPE cultures.

169 Drusen-like deposits in patients with SLE were independe

170 Drusen-like deposits in the absence of glomerulonephriti

171 Drusen-like deposits were detected in 40% of SLE subject

172 These drusen-like deposits were immunopositive for Abeta and c

173 Drusen-like deposits were located in the nasal, temporal

174 changes reminiscent of AMD type pathology - drusen-like deposits, severe reduction in ERG responses,

175 Drusen-like lesions adjacent to the vitelliform deposits

176 phy with (1) moderate visual impairment, (2) drusen-like lesions, (3) normal reflectivity of the RPE

177 ant and displayed a lipid- and protein-rich "drusen-like" composition.

178 Drusen load (area and volume) was assessed using automat

179 SD OCT assessments of drusen load are simple and practical measurements that m

180 ation was found between plasma cytokines and drusen load or choroidal thickness (all P > .15).

181 Drusen load, as measured using SD OCT, is associated wit

182 A higher proportion of eyes with reticular drusen located outside versus within the macular area pr

183 The incidence and progression of medium drusen (maximum diameter, 63 to <125 microm) were assess

184 significantly worse in those with reticular drusen (mean score +/- standard deviation [SD, 38+/-12)

185 Together, the drusen model(s) of MDs described here provide fundamenta

186 phy algorithms capable of reliably measuring drusen morphology offer the best opportunity to study th

187 retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, drusen morphology, size, extent, visibility on funduscop

188 nor eyes with cuticular drusen (n = 2), soft drusen (n = 1), and hard drusen (n = 1).

189 rusen (n = 2), soft drusen (n = 1), and hard drusen (n = 1).

190 notype and 4 human donor eyes with cuticular drusen (n = 2), soft drusen (n = 1), and hard drusen (n

191 1) reticular pseudodrusen without large soft drusen (n = 30) or (2) large soft drusen without reticul

192 Associated features included overlying drusen (n = 9; 53%), retinal pigment epithelial alterati

193 rea, drusen with crystalline appearance, and drusen nasal to the optic disc are more likely to have a

194 ith PPE owing to suspected buried optic disc drusen (ODD), and 3 children (6 eyes) with PPE owing to

195 Both drusen of 125 mum or more and pigmentary changes at base

196 re, 36% had pigmentary changes, 10% had both drusen of 125 mum or more and pigmentary changes, and 17

197 fty-eight percent (n = 116) had RPD, 68% had drusen of 125 mum or more, 36% had pigmentary changes, 1

198 he predominant drusen type was peripapillary drusen, of variable size.

199 racteristics, such as early onset, cuticular drusen on fluorescein angiography, and family history of

200 al layers, in patients with optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) and optic disc edema (ODE) compared with h

201 vestigate the prevalence of optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) in clinically normal subjects using enhanc

202 yndrome (DGS), cataract and optic nerve head drusen (ONHD).

203 sensitive tool to diagnose optic nerve head drusen (ONHD).

204 D was defined as multiple intermediate-sized drusen or at least 1 large druse.

205 ations from the mean as abnormal, indicating drusen or geographic atrophy (GA), respectively.

206 n = 4203), participants with bilateral large drusen or large drusen in the study eye and late AMD in

207 ular degeneration (AMD) with bilateral large drusen or noncentral GA and at least 1 eye without advan

208 Patients with either drusen or RPD in early AMD underwent OCTA imaging of the

209 34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.73; P = 0.023), calcified drusen (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04-1.72; P = 0.025), higher

210 0.023), the complement pathway and calcified drusen (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.79-7.86; P < 0.001), and the

211 ly associated with the presence of calcified drusen (P = 5.38 x 10(-6)).

212 nal visual acuity in eyes with the cuticular drusen phenotype (both P < 0.015).

213 eyes of 120 clinic patients with a cuticular drusen phenotype and 4 human donor eyes with cuticular d

214 Cuticular drusen phenotype may confer a unique risk for the develo

215 al imaging data of patients with a cuticular drusen phenotype.

216 ltimodal imaging, we identified two distinct drusen phenotypes - 1) soft drusen that are larger and a

217 efine the range and life cycles of cuticular drusen phenotypes using multimodal imaging and to review

218 ution; age-dependent variations in cuticular drusen phenotypes, including the occurrence of retinal p

219 Eyes also were graded for AMD features (drusen, pigmentary changes, late AMD) to generate person

220 The copresence of medium drusen plus retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities sig

221 total area nor central location of reticular drusen predicted 5-year progression to late AMD.

222 70.9% of participants with bilateral medium drusen progressing to large drusen and 13.8% to advanced

223 om baseline in best-corrected visual acuity, drusen progression, or geographic atrophy in the study e

224 ted disease-related phenotypes by inhibiting drusen proteins and inflammatory and complement factors

225 analysis in patients with AMD with reticular drusen (RDR) have focused on photopic sensitivity testin

226 However, drusen regression areas were associated with local chang

227 usen were assessed over 2 years for areas of drusen regression that exceeded the area of circle C1 (d

228 s were used to detect and delineate areas of drusen regression.

229 hiPSC-derived RPE cells produce several AMD/drusen-related proteins, and those from the AMD donors s

230 ce of major AMD-related clinical signs (soft drusen, retinal pigment epitelium, defects/pigment mottl

231 ce or absence of hard, crystalline, and soft drusen; retinal pigment epithelial changes; choroidal ne

232 The width of the drusen sampled averaged 352 mum (SD = 153) and the heigh

233 Drusen score covariates were associated with the R1210C

234 he presence of drusen in the macula (macular drusen score) and estimated number (total macular drusen

235 n score) and estimated number (total macular drusen score) were assessed.

236 en in the extramacular regions (extramacular drusen score), pigmentary abnormalities, and disease sta

237 e highest level of macular and total macular drusen scores compared with those without the variant (5

238 lost significance when considering eyes with drusen separately (r = 0.175, P = .45).

239 Drusen size and drusen type as classified by OCT morphol

240 rally for early and late AMD on the basis of drusen size, type and area, increased retinal pigment, r

241 a 45 degrees digital camera and grading for drusen size, type, area, increased retinal pigment, reti

242 igment abnormality, soft drusen, and maximum drusen size-to devise and validate a macular risk scorin

243 m of optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures (ODS) and examine their association

244 Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures are optical coherence tomography-ba

245 Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures may be a clinical entity helpful in

246 Two drusen suspicious for nGA at baseline were identified, b

247 n a family characterized by advanced AMD and drusen temporal to the macula.

248 significantly lower in those with reticular drusen than in those without.

249 ied two distinct drusen phenotypes - 1) soft drusen that are larger and appear as hyperreflective dep

250 ed with foveal drusen alone, but with foveal drusen that were associated with other foveal pathology

251 eyes with undiagnosed AMD had AMD with large drusen that would have been treatable with nutritional s

252 In contrast to conventional drusen the lipid stain Oil Red O failed to stain RPD.

253 r site of AMD disease pathogenesis and where drusen, the hallmark lesions of AMD, form.

254 drusen appear more similar to those of hard drusen, their lifecycle and macular complications are mo

255 a weak trend (P = 0.1) between MDS and large drusen; those in the highest category of MDS had 20% red

256 sed likelihood of progression from reticular drusen to late AMD (adjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0).

257 actors and 5-year progression from reticular drusen to late AMD.

258 Drusen size and drusen type as classified by OCT morphologic characteris

259 The most common drusen type was a convex-shaped druse with homogeneous m

260 In group I, the predominant drusen type was peripapillary drusen, of variable size.

261 teristics of incident GA vary with precursor drusen types.

262 Small cuticular drusen typically demonstrated a homogenous ultrastructur

263 for every 0.1-mm(3) increase in baseline OCT drusen volume (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63; P = 0.013).

264 sociation between drusen area (P = .001) and drusen volume (P = .001) and the development of neovascu

265 sociation between drusen area (P = .005) and drusen volume (P = .001) and the development of RPE atro

266 The use of drusen volume as a predictor of disease progression and

267 ine were associated with (1) greater macular drusen volume at baseline (P < 0.001), (2) development o

268 In AMD eyes, mean (standard deviation) OCT drusen volume increased from 0.08 mm(3) (0.16 mm(3)) to

269 Greater baseline OCT drusen volume was associated with 2-year progression to

270 e on SD OCT and color photographs, including drusen volume, geographic atrophy (GA), and preatrophic

271 e in visual acuity, retinal sensitivity, and drusen volume.

272 , the 15-year cumulative incidence of medium drusen was 13.9% (n = 281).

273 he 15-year cumulative incidence of reticular drusen was 4.0% (n = 95).

274 photoreceptor inner and outer segments above drusen was also reduced, and the reduction was proportio

275 alence of early AMD, advanced AMD, and large drusen was higher among Chinese Americans in CHES than a

276 sen cores, and hyper- or hyporeflectivity of drusen were also associated with RPE atrophy.

277 0924, and the 15-year incidence of reticular drusen were analyzed in discrete logistic regression mod

278 58 patients) with intermediate AMD and large drusen were assessed over 2 years for areas of drusen re

279 ssociated with a 15-year incidence of medium drusen were assessed using discrete logistic regression

280 er total area and central location of medium drusen were associated with a greater likelihood of the

281 For subgroup analysis, drusen were categorized as soft drusen, cuticular drusen

282 Drusen were detected in 97%, 78%, and 64% of eyes of cas

283 21 eyes of 16 age-matched AMD patients with drusen were included.

284 Hard drusen were labeled with anti-MAC antibody, but large or

285 Confluent, large, and autofluorescent drusen were more commonly found in patients with VF defe

286 and large (>500 mum; P < 0.003) drusen, and drusen were more commonly visible on funduscopy (P = 0.0

287 er, whereas quantitative OCT measurements of drusen were obtained by using a fully automated algorith

288 The drusen were ovoid regions of lower reflectivity that wer

289 Drusen were traced manually on the fundus photos by grad

290 ules, white without pressure, and peripheral drusen, were identified by peripheral clinical examinati

291 ns, such as peripheral pseudodrusen and soft drusen, were present less frequently.

292 , but no other signs of AMD, specifically no drusen, were present.

293 We also show that FHL-1 is retained in drusen whereas FH coats the periphery of the lesions, pe

294 s ultrastructural appearance similar to hard drusen, whereas fragmentation of the central and basal c

295 Patients with an extensive drusen area, drusen with crystalline appearance, and drusen nasal to

296 exudative macular degeneration, any type of drusen with pigmentary abnormalities, or soft indistinct

297 and in 5 located between SDD or conventional drusen with the same retinal eccentricity.

298 pigmentary abnormalities, or soft indistinct drusen without pigmentary abnormalities.

299 large soft drusen (n = 30) or (2) large soft drusen without reticular pseudodrusen (n = 43).

300 h reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) vs those with drusen without RPD (drusen).